Silencing Speech: New American Free Speech Debates

Autor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29107/rr2020.4.2

Słowa kluczowe:

wolność słowa, mowa nienawiści, polityka tożsamości, populizm, represywna tolerancja, milcząca większość

Abstrakt

Artykuł poświęcony jest retoryce populizmu w kontekście bieżących debat dotyczących wolności słowa na amerykańskich uniwersytetach. W szczególności dotyczy on dyskursywnej produkcji zbiorowego podmiotu politycznego zwanego „milczącą większością” (silent majority), którego istnienie zasadza się na dychotomii mowy i milczenia. Artykuł analizuje, w jaki sposób retrotopiczne przywołanie świetności narodu amerykańskiego ogniskuje niezgodę i oburzenie na politykę tożsamości i polityczną poprawność.

Biogram autora

Aneta Dybska - Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Anglistyki

Aneta Dybska is an associate professor at the Institute of English Studies, University of Warsaw, Poland. She teaches courses in American Studies, with a focus on the 19th- and 20th-century American culture and social history. Those courses reflect her academic interest in the ideologies of the nation building, class, race, gender, and sexual formation. Her 2016 book Regeneration, Citizenship, and Justice in the American City since the 1970s, engages scholarly debates on urban revitalization and gentrification, theorizations of the “right to the city” idea, as well as grassroots struggles for the urban commons. This research builds on her earlier interest in 1960s urban ethnography on black communities, which culminated in the publication of Black Masculinities in American Social Science and Self-Narratives of the 1960s and 1970s (Peter Lang, 2010).

Bibliografia

American Association of University Professors. 2018. “Campus Free-Speech Legislation: History, Progress, Problems.” April. Accessed March 1, 2020. https://www.aaup.org/report/campusfree-speech-legislation-history-progress-and-problems

Austin, J.L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Bauer, Fred. 2015. “The Left and ‘Discriminating Tolerance’.” National Review, June 22.

Baer, Ulrich. 2019. What Snowflakes Get Right: Free Speech, Truth, and Equality on Campus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Butler, Judith. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge.

Beauchamp, Zack. 2018. “Data Shows a Surprising Campus Free Speech Problem: Left-wingers Being Fired for Their Opinions.” Vox.com, Aug 3.

“Ben Shapiro is a Trojan Horse for Hatred and Bigotry on Campus.” 2018. Daily Trojan, Letter to the Editor. Sept. 30.

Brooks, David. 2018. “Understanding Student Mobbists.” New York Times, Opinion Section, March 8.

Burtenshaw, Ronan, and Anton Jäger. 2018. “The Guardian’s Populist Panic.” Jacobin, May 12.

Chemerinsky, Erwin, and Howard Gillman. 2017. Free Speech on Campus. New Haven: Yale University Press. Ebook.

Chua, Amy. 2018. Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of the Nations. New York: Penguin Press. Ebook.

Churchwell, Sarah. 2019. “American’s Original Identity Politics.” New York Review of Books, Feb. 7.

Cramer, Katherine J. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker, Chicago Studies in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Delgado, Richard. 2018 [1993]. “Words that Wound: A Tort Action for Racial Insults, Epithets, and Name Calling.” In Words that Wound. Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment, eds. Mari Matsuda et al., 122-149. New York: Routledge.

Denniston, Lyle. 2018. “Has the First Amendment Been “Weaponized”? Constitutioncenter.org, June 27. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/has-the-first-amendment-been-weaponized.

Downes, Sophie. 2016. “Trigger Warnings, Safe Spaces and Free Speech, Too.” New York Times, Opinion Section, Sept. 10.

Eatwell, Roger, and Matthew Goodwin. 2018. National Populism: The Revolt against Liberal Democracy. London: Penguin Books Limited.

Fandos, Nicholas. 2015. “Donald Trump Defiantly Rallies a New ‘Silent Majority’ in a Visit to Arizona.” New York Times, July 11.

The Free Speech Project. Georgetown University. https://freespeechproject.georgetown.edu/.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1989. “The End of History?” The National Interest 16: 3-18. https://www.embl.de/aboutus/science_society/discussion/discussion_2006/ref1-22june06.pdf.

Fukuyama, Francis. 2018. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Ebook.

Goldberg, Jonah. 2018. Suicide of the West: How the Rebirth of Nationalism, Populism, and Identity Politics Is Destroying American Democracy. New York: Crown Forum. Ebook.

Ham, Mary Katharine, and Guy Benson. 2015. End of Discussion: How the Left's Outrage Industry Shuts Down Debate, Manipulates Voters, and Makes America Less Free (and Fun). New York: Crown Forum.

Hanlon, Aaron. 2019. “The Real Threat to Free Speech on Campus Is Not Coming from the Left” The Washington Post, Oct. 15.

Kang, Jay Caspian. 2019. “Where Does Affirmative Action Leave Asian-Americans?” New York Times Magazine, Aug. 28.

Kimball, Roger. 1990. Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education. New York: Harper & Row.

Kitrosser, Heidi. 2017. “Free Speech, Higher Education, and the PC Narrative.” Minnesota Law Review 101 (5): 1987-2064.

Kukathas, Chandran. 2004. “Liberalism and Multiculturalism.” In Contemporary Political Theory: A Reader, ed. Colin Farrelly, 288-294. London: Sage Publications.

Lilla, Mark. 2017. The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics. New York: HarperCollins.

Lukianoff, Greg, and Jonathan Haidt. 2018. The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting up a Generation for Failure. New York: Penguin Press.

Malik, Nesrine. 2019. “The Myth of the Free Speech Crisis: How Overblown Fears of Censorship Have Normalized Hate Speech and Silenced Minorities.” The Guardian, Sept. 3.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1965. “Repressive Tolerance.” In A Critique of Pure Tolerance, ed. Robert P. Wolff, Barrington Moore, Jr., and Herbert Marcuse, 82-123. Boston: Beacon Press.

Markakis, David. 2016. “Shapiro is a Provocateur.” Campus Times, April 8.

Mason, Liliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Matsuda, Mari J., Charles R. Lawrence III, Richard Delgado, and Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw. 2018 [1993]. Words that Wound. Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. New York: Routledge.

Matsuda, Mari J. 2018 [1993]. “Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering a Victim’s Story.” In Words that Wound. Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment, eds. Mari Matsuda et al., 34-76. New York: Routledge.

McRobbie, Angela. 1994. Postmodernism and Popular Culture. London: Routledge.

Mouffe, Chantal. 2009. “Democratic Politics and Agonistic Pluralism.” Seminario interdisciplinaro(s) Sentido(s) da(s) Cultura(s). Consello de Cultura Gallega.

Mudde, Cas, and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. 2nd ed. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Ebook.

O’Neil, Timothy J. 2009. “Absolutists.” The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Accessed August 12, 2020. https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/887/absolutists.

PEN America. 2016. “And Campus for All: Diversity, Inclusion and Freedom of Speech at U.S. Universities.” Accessed March 1, 2020. https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PEN_campus_report_06.15.2017.pdf

Post, Robert C. 2017. “There is No 1st Amendment Right to Speak on a College Campus.” Vox.com, Dec. 31.

Powers, Kirsten. 2015. The Silencing: How the Left is Killing Free Speech. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing.

Reitz, Charles. “Herbert Marcuse and the New Culture Wars: Campus Codes, Hate Speech, and the Critique of Pure Tolerance.” Critical Theory Research Network. Dec. 6 . Accessed March 1, 2020. http://criticaltheoryresearchnetwork.com/2016/12/06/herbert-marcuse-new-culture-wars-campuscodes-hate-speech-critique-pure-tolerance/.

“Remarks by President Trump at Signing of Executive Order, ‘Improving Free Inquiry, Transparency, and Accountability at Colleges and Universities’.” 2019. Whitehouse.gov, Briefings & Statements, March 21.

Roth, Michael S. 2019a. “Do Not Dismiss ‘Safe Spaces’.” New York Times, Opinion Section, Aug. 29.

Roth, Michael S. 2019b. Safe Enough Spaces: A Pragmatist’s Approach to Inclusion, Free Speech, and Political Correctness on College Campuses. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Rowland, Lee. 2018. “Free Speech Can Be Messy, but We Need It.” American Civil Liberties Union, March 9. https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-speech/free-speech-can-be-messy-we-need-it.

Sachs, Jeffrey Adam. 2018. “There Is No Campus Free Speech Crisis: A Close Look and Evidence.” Niskanen Center Blog, April 27. https://niskanencenter.org/blog/there-is-no-campus-free-speech-crisis-a-close-look-at-the-evidence/.

Scott, Joan Wallach. 2019. Knowledge, Power, and Academic Freedom. New York: Columbia University Press.

“Some Colleges Have More Students from the Top 1 Percent than the Bottom 60. Find Yours.” 2017. New York Times, Interactive, The Upshot, Jan. 18.

Sue, Derald Wing. 2010. Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Sutton, Halley. 2019. “Campus Free Speech Is Complicated, but Not a Crisis.” Campus Security Report, 16 (2): 9.

Tavernise, Sabrina. 2017. “Ben Shapiro, a Provocative ‘Gladiator,’ Battles to Win Young Conservatives.” New York Times. Nov. 23.

Tucker, Jeffrey F. 2017 “Why Free Speech on Campus is Under Attack: Blame Marcuse.” Foundation for Economic Education, April 22.

Waldron, Jeremy. 2012. The Harm in Hate Speech. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Weigel, Moira. 2016. “Political Correctness: How the Right Invented a Phantom Enemy.” Guardian, Nov. 30.

Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear. What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage Publications.

Opublikowane

2020-12-27

Jak cytować

Dybska, Aneta. 2020. „Silencing Speech: New American Free Speech Debates”. "Res Rhetorica" 7 (4):17-32. https://doi.org/10.29107/rr2020.4.2.